LAMP is an acronym that generally stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP respectively. The meaning of each letter can be substituted though, with the last letter being the most modular. M can also stand for mod python and P has ranged from Perl to Python.
It is an acronym that represents free or open source software that can be used in conjunction with each other to have a framework for launching stable online applications at a low cost. Gnu/Linux is the most well known free operating system and very often, Apache servers will be running on a Linux machine. Apache is an HTTP web server that has been in existence for a fairly long time and has a very large market share. MySQL is a database management program that allows for relatively powerful data management that multiple users can use simultaneously. PHP is a scripting language commonly associated with the development of dynamic websites.
The reason why LAMP is an effective way of setting up web applications is that each component has been individually tested on the field for some time now and they all perform very well for their tasks. Linux and Apache are the backbone of this acronym in my opinion, as Linux provides the free operating system for the hardware to run on and Apache is the application that everything else will depend on. Both also offer features that are comparable to their non-free counterparts, Windows and the .NET framework respectively. MySQL is widely used, but swapping it for some other data management system such as PostgreSQL and Oracle is more common than swapping Linux and Apache. MySQL however provides a lot of features that made it appealing enough that information-intensive websites such as Wikipedia and Youtube uses it. PHP is arguably the most interchanged component, as some consider large PHP code as difficult to maintain and use Python or Ruby on Rails or another language as a substitute.
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